Anecdotal estimates of the percentage of students not enrolled in traditional performing ensembles in 2003 varied from 60 to 95%. As a graduate research project, Nathan Edwards attempted to gather "heads data" from State education offices. Based on those data, the average percent of non-performers reported was 82% out of some 8 million students. This percentage was more extensively validated with a meta analysis documented in the D.B. Williams (2012) research study published in the JTME journal.
